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</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Hello,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">I am currently
developing
the concept for a project called <b>NOX</b>. It is still at an
early
architectural stage. Before fundamental technical decisions are
made, I would
like to ask people with substantially more experience in
cryptography and
decentralized systems for critical feedback.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">I am the initiator
of the
concept, but I am not a cryptographer. For that reason, I am
interested not
only in how such an architecture could be implemented, but first
in a more
fundamental question: <b>Is what I am envisioning technically
and
cryptographically realistic at all?</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">The basic idea
behind NOX
is an international trust, identity and authorization
infrastructure that could
connect independent institutions without creating a central
database containing
everyone's sensitive information.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">The underlying
data could
remain where it belongs professionally — for example, with
hospitals, public
authorities, universities or other responsible institutions. NOX
would operate
in the background to verify identities and institutional
identities, enforce
authorization, provide cryptographic provenance, and maintain
tamper-evident
and auditable histories.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">One fundamental
requirement of the concept is:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">There must be no
universal master key.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Neither the
operator, a
government, an administrator, an investor, nor even the founder
of NOX should
possess a key capable of bypassing the security and
authorization structure of
the entire system.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Nevertheless, such
an
architecture would need to deal with difficult situations.
Examples include
strictly limited access to critical information during a medical
emergency,
lost or compromised keys, revocation of institutional
credentials, and
corrections to records without silently rewriting or deleting
their original
history.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">The sensitive
records
themselves should not simply be placed on a public blockchain.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">NOX may also
contain a <b>completely
separate economic layer</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">A tradable NOX
token is
being considered as part of the concept. Individuals,
organizations and
investors could acquire, hold and trade the token and
potentially benefit
financially from its economic development.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">However, one
boundary
should be technically and organizationally fundamental:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Money or token
ownership
must never buy data rights.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Ownership of NOX
tokens
must not grant access to personal data, medical records,
personnel records,
identities, institutional credentials, permissions, or
privileged functions of
the protected infrastructure.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">An investor should
be
able to participate economically in NOX and potentially benefit
from its
success without gaining even one additional right to the data of
an individual
or an institution.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Ideally, these
layers
should be separated strongly enough that token holders cannot
infer which
individuals, hospitals, public authorities or companies are
using the protected
NOX infrastructure. Conversely, institutions using NOX should
not learn, merely
through their participation in the infrastructure, who owns or
trades NOX
tokens.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">At the same time,
NOX
should eventually be capable of financially sustaining and
maintaining itself.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Depending on the
final
legal and technical structure, possible revenue sources could
include
professional services and integrations, voluntary donations,
conventional
payment methods, and a limited selection of established
cryptocurrencies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">The same principle
would
apply here: <b>a payment, donation or investment may serve an
economic purpose,
but it must never purchase special data, identity,
authorization or security
rights.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Another part of
the
concept is artificial intelligence. AI could operate in the
background to
identify contradictions, unusual events, possible manipulation,
suspicious
access patterns or implausible situations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">However, AI should
not
become an all-powerful decision-making authority. It should not
be able to
override cryptographic proofs or established access rules on its
own. In
unusual or uncertain cases, its role should be to flag, warn or
trigger further
review rather than simply deleting or rejecting something that
may in fact be a
legitimate exception.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">At this early
stage, I
deliberately do <b>not</b> want to prescribe a particular
blockchain, DLT or
cryptographic implementation. I believe it makes more sense to
first determine
what kind of architecture could satisfy these requirements — and
perhaps which
parts should not use a blockchain at all.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">This leaves me
with
several fundamental questions:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Can such a trust
and
authorization infrastructure actually be designed without
ultimately
introducing a hidden central trust point or universal master
key somewhere in
the architecture?</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Can a tradable
economic
token layer be separated strongly enough, cryptographically
and
architecturally, from identity, authorization and sensitive
data that economic
participation can never become a path into the protected
infrastructure?</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:none;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">How could recovery
or
strictly limited emergency access be implemented without
unintentionally
creating exactly the kind of backdoor the system is intended
to avoid?</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:none;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">And which existing
cryptographic approaches, research areas or architectures
would you recommend
investigating first?</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Critical feedback
is
explicitly welcome. If parts of this concept cannot work, rely
on incorrect
assumptions, or would create fundamental security problems, that
is precisely
what I would like to understand before the architecture becomes
more firmly defined.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ligatures:
none;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:DE">Best regards,<br>
<b>F. Ronecker</b><br>
Concept & Vision: <b>NOX</b></span></p>
<p><br>
</p>
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