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As the sysop I feel qualified to clarify. I don't keep up with this
list as closely as I should, so Mr Young, thank you for pointing me
to this thread.<br>
<br>
Ray, your right. The two cases are similar. They both seek to defeat
the encryption used to protect data at rest. They differ in that the
Lavabit case relied upon a surveillance order under the PRTT statue,
and a search warrant issued in accordance with the SCA. The Apple
case relies on a writ of assistance issued under the AWA. They
differ technologically in that the Lavabit case involved a MitM
attack to capture the password during login, while the Apple case
involves disabling login controls to facilitate a brute force
attack. <br>
<br>
Because both cases involve what I call "extraordinary assistance," I
co-authored an amicus brief in support of Apple. The lawyers changed
the definition of ordinary assistance at the last second, so I'm
including the correct one here:<br>
<br>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family:"Bookman
Old Style",serif"><tt>We
contend this request is extraordinary because it seeks to
compel the use,
modification, or disclosure of confidential intellectual
property, such as
source code or encryption keys, which belongs to an innocent
third party. In
contrast, ordinary assistance requests seek access to, or the
surrender of data
in possession of a third party that has been created by the
investigative
target, or generated as a byproduct of the target’s actions. </tt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![endif]--><br>
There is a short "background section" in the amicus brief which
discusses the Lavabit case, and how it differs. That said, with only
7 days to write it, we didn't include everything I wanted to say.
Namely a discussion of cyber weapons, non-repudiation, and compelled
felonious conduct. If this case continues onto a round two, I'm
hoping to expand upon what we said this round. If your interested in
what we did write, see here for a summary, plus a few pithy comments
that were censored (by the lawyers):<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.facebook.com/KingLadar/posts/10156672763765038">https://www.facebook.com/KingLadar/posts/10156672763765038</a><br>
<br>
Or for the full brief:<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lavabit.com/files/Lavabit.Amicus.Brief.20160303.pdf">http://lavabit.com/files/Lavabit.Amicus.Brief.20160303.pdf</a><br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://cryptome.org/2016/03/usg-apple-102-105.pdf">https://cryptome.org/2016/03/usg-apple-102-105.pdf</a><br>
<br>
All of that said, the government did try to cite the Lavabit case as
a precedent in their reply brief. See footnote #9, page 22 (or page
30 in the PDF), which reads:<br>
<br>
<tt>For the reasons discussed above, the FBI cannot itself modify
the software on Farook’s iPhone without access to the source code
and Apple’s private electronic</tt><tt><br>
</tt><tt>signature. The government did not seek to compel Apple to
turn those over because it believed such a request would be less
palatable to Apple. If Apple would prefer that</tt><tt> </tt><tt>course,
however, that may provide an alternative that requires less labor
by Apple programmers. See In re Under Seal, 749 F.3d 276, 281-83
(4th Cir. 2014) (affirming</tt><tt> contempt sanctions imposed for
failure to comply with order requiring the company to assist law
enforcement with effecting a pen register on encrypted e-mail
content which</tt><tt> </tt><tt>included producing private SSL
encryption key).</tt><br>
<br>
I found this citation so misleading that I decided to write a little
statement about it. Namely, the appellate court never addressed the
substantive question of whether the FBI can seize keys. The court
ruled that I waived my right to appeal (which is impossible, since a
careful reading of the facts would show I never had a chance to make
the objection they contend I should have). Because they ruled on the
waiver issue, they explicitly avoid any discussion of the lawfulness
of extraordinary assistance. If you want to read my full statement,
see:<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.facebook.com/KingLadar/posts/10156714933135038">https://www.facebook.com/KingLadar/posts/10156714933135038</a><br>
<br>
As you probably picked up on, what Ray wrote below, while it
captures the gist of things, isn't quite right on a few details. I
made my comments inline.<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 3/16/2016 3:02 PM, Ray Dillinger
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">Lavabit received an order asking IIUI to enable the FBI to access a
*single* account. The operator, fearing that their motive might be
persecution and vengeance rather than prosecution and justice, took less
than 48 hours to consult with an attorney. Consulting with an attorney,
as a constitutionally guaranteed right, seems reasonable to me.</pre>
</blockquote>
The FBI originally served the PRTT order around 5pm on June 28th, a
Friday. After a 2-3 hour discussion with the agents, the meeting
ended with me telling them I needed to consult with an attorney, as
I was "uncomfortable with providing the SSL/TLS private key, and
didn't know what my obligations under the law were." That very same
night I received an order to compel, issued by a magistrate judge,
which ordered me to provide all of the necessary "technical
assistance" to "decrypt the data." Since the order (and statue) made
no mention of the SSL/TLS private key, I emailed the FBI asking for
them to provide a written description of what "technical assistance"
they required. They never provided the description I asked for. I
wouldn't get the written demand for another 2 weeks, and it arrived
in the form of a subpoena (which I was later excused from, and as
such didn't include in the description above). While I waited for
the FBI to get back to me I began my search for a lawyer. <br>
<br>
Since the following week included July 4th, it ended up taking be
about a week to find a qualified lawyer. She was referred to me by
the EFF, and such understood the relevant statues and case law. It
wasn't until I consulted with her that I understood the PRTT statue
only provided the authority to collect metadata, as the agents
implied it provided the authority to collect everything on the wire.
I subsequently read the statue, and it listed "signalling
information" as one of the items they could collect. Without a
lawyer, and based on the FBI agent's description, I incorrectly
assumed that meant the "signal to noise ratio," where the signal
represents all of the information. When it became clear that
actually was a reference to the DTMF tones sent over a phone line,
and they were only authorized to receive metadata, I did try to work
with them for a solution that would provide a technological
guarantee"they only collected the authorized metadata on the
account(s) authorized by the court. <br>
<br>
It's worth noting my custom mail server was probably the only one on
the planet that didn't write out the required metadata to a log
file. As such I proffered several possible solutions, which I can
discuss at length later if anyone is interested. All were rejected.
Amongst the reasons the DoJ came back with were a) they didn't trust
me, b) my estimate for costs if I implemented the logging was
unreasonable, and c) my proposal didn't provide them with real time
access. Note I also discussed a situation whereby they provided the
equipment and I configured it (with there help) and we each held
onto half of the password. While I didn't like the idea because it
would be hard to know if there was a backdoor, it was quickly
rejected as well. <br>
<br>
Whether you believe the FBI really only wanted metadata probably
hinges on whether you believe a prosecutor would lie in court. It
might be worth noting there was also a search warrant issued for the
source code, the encrypted user data, and the encrypted user keys.
Data that was largely worthless without the user password. All of
that said, I can prove the (now), that the prosecutor made a
significant and material misrepresentation to the court which would
have changed things had I been able to prove it at the time. Since I
haven't discussed this publicly yet, I'll save it for another day.
What I have discussed publicly is how many immaterial
misrepresentations the DoJ made about me. Including my favorite,
which insinuated I tried to avoid service by fleeing out the
backdoor of my 5th floor apartment. It was one of two times I
laughed during the whole ordeal. I really wish I could fly, or crawl
on walls, but alas I'm only human.<br>
<br>
What Ray is probably referring to is the approximately 48 hours I
had between when I found out my first attorney couldn't represent me
in Virginia the following week (she was based in San Francisco). In
that gap I interviewed a dozen plus lawyers, but didn't find a good
match (cost, knowledge, strategy, etc) in time. I asked for more
time, but was denied. Hence I showed up pro se (if I hadn't they
would have sought a bench warrant for my arrest and dragged me to
Virginia in handcuffs). I was finally able to find an attorney the
morning of my hearing, but not in time for them to make it to court.
I hired him that afternoon, and he had a week to prepare a defense.
Notably, he wasn't given transcripts of my pro se appearance until
our appeal was due.<br>
<br>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">
He may or may not have voluntarily provided access to that account -
we'll never know, because by the time he had finished consulting an
attorney the FBI had, apparently because of his less than instant
compliance, made a completely intolerable demand instead for the keys to
the entire site. That would have enabled covert, real-time access to the
communications of subscribers who were specifically purchasing the
service of privacy. Deprived of the ability to sell what his subscribers
were buying, he shut the business down rather than engage in fraud or
the provision of pretended services.</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
See above, but yes, my desire to consult an attorney led to an
instant order to compel. And yes, I was unwilling to compromise the
integrity of the system, and found it even more abrasive because I
wouldn't have been allowed to tell anyone what happened. Hence the
decision to shutdown after an abbreviated court battle.<br>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">
Then as now, the FBI made a demand for access so broad in scope,
burdensome to provide, or contrary to the basic principles of the party
from whom it was demanded, as to be offensive.
The major distinction as far as I can tell is that Apple has the money
to hire a herd of lawyers and fight it in court, and Lavabit didn't.</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
Largely true. In an interesting twist, one of the lawyers I
consulted during the 48 hour period is now representing Apple, but I
couldn't afford him, and because of the secrecy, could broadcast a
call for help. That meant even though I was aware of a couple cyber
law mailing lists, I could ask for help pro bono, or seek the money
to cover the cost of a proper defense. The fact that we were only
given a week, and my lawyer wasn't a specialist made things even
harder. <br>
<br>
Over the last 2.5 years I've certainly gained a _lot_ of knowledge
about the relevant laws which would have been helpful at the time,
and will be if/when I ever relaunch. It's also why I decided to
submit the amicus.<br>
<br>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">
If Lavabit had fought the demand in court and lost (very likely given
its meager legal budget and the infamy of the single account that the
FBI originally demanded access to) it would have established a precedent
which the FBI would now be trying to leverage in further cases. So the
decision by Lavabit to shut down rather than have a court battle was
probably the only available way to avoid the creation of a harmful
precedent. Leaving the arena means you don't win, but it also means
denying victory to your opponent.</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
I did fight things out in court. It just occurred in secret, and
while a proper description would require the use of vulgarity, I'll
summarize by saying I was railroaded. The length of time between
when I received the PRTT order, and when I was found in contempt (ex
parte) was about 5 weeks. For comparison the <i>median </i>time
between filing and disposition of a civil contempt charge in federal
court during 2013 was 6 <i>months</i>. <br>
<br>
The contempt charge levied a fine of 5K a day for each day I didn't
turn over the keys. So I shutdown the system and turned over the
keys. Technically I complied after being held in contempt, but
because the system was shut down, prevented them from using (or at
least minimized the damage). <br>
<br>
After raising money from the public I appealed the contempt charge.
As I mentioned above the appellate court ignored the question and
claimed I waived my right to the appeal because we didn't object to
both of the legal ground cited in the contempt charge. What they
ignore is that the order they are referring to was issued on a
Friday, which read for "the reasons stated in the governments
brief," and I was found in contempt the following Monday ex parte.
Because the government included an argument in their brief that was
never discussed in court, and ran contrary to comments the judge
made in session, the appellate court claimed we never objected to
it. That said, ask yourself, did we even have time to understand
what had just happened, and make the objection? Even then, my lawyer
asked to make an oral objection to the contempt charge, but was
denied. Presto facto, a non-appealable contempt charge is created.<br>
<br>
Like I stated in the beginning, the ruling on waiver means no
precedent was set.<br>
<br>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">
In much the same way the FBI now seeks a precedent in the Apple case,
and in much the same way, compelling compliance with their order seems
more important to them than the data from the single instance that the
case is ostensibly about.</pre>
</blockquote>
Definitely true. There are a number of ways, albeit difficult, which
would allow them to extract the data if meant that much to the
investigation. What the government wants is a public piece of case
law they can use in the future (in secret) to compel a number of
even nastier things from Apple. Like an OTA update to an encrypted
device which steals the key for your favorite messaging app right
out of the device's memory.<br>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">
So I have to wonder if an attempt to replace the precedent they planned
to get from a Lavabit case, which they failed to obtain because it never
came to court, may be part of what motivates the FBI in its battle over
the Apple case.</pre>
</blockquote>
What they sought from me, legally, wouldn't have allowed them to
compel what they want from Apple. But it might have applied to the
WhatsApp case (I haven't read those briefs yet). That said, both
cases flow from the same sense of entitlement. As in, we are
entitled to everyone's plain text data, and if Congress won't give
it to us, we'll use our 27.1 billion dollar budget, and army of 100K
lawyers to take it in court. Your tax dollars at work.<br>
<br>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">
Of course if they had that Lavabit precedent, they would certainly be
using it against Apple right now.</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
They tried. See my statement linked to in the intro.<br>
<blockquote cite="mid:56E9BBE7.4050507@sonic.net" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">
Bear
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
L~<br>
<br>
P.S. I haven't run this email by my lawyers, but I think everything
I said is unsealed and public already. <br>
<br>
<br>
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